Sexual Reproduction - Gametes and Fertilization

Individual organisms come and go, but, to a certain extent, organisms transcend time through producing offspring. Reproduction in animals occurs in two primary ways, through sexual reproduction and through asexual reproduction.  While most animal organisms reproduce by sexual means, some are also capable of reproducing asexually. Advantages and Disadvantages In sexual reproduction, two individuals produce offspring that inherit  genetic characteristics from both parents. Sexual reproduction introduces new gene combinations in a population through genetic recombination.  The influx of new gene combinations allows members of a species to survive adverse or deadly environmental changes and conditions. This is a major advantage that sexually reproducing organisms have over those that reproduce asexually. Sexual reproduction is also advantageous as it is a way to remove harmful gene mutations from a population through recombination. There are some disadvantages to sexual reproduction. Since a male and female of the same species are required to sexually reproduce, a considerable amount of time and energy is often spent in finding the right mate. This is especially important for animals that do not bear many young as the proper mate can increase the chances of survival for the offspring. Another disadvantage is that it takes longer for offspring to grow and develop in sexually reproducing organisms. In mammals, for example, it can take several months for offspring to be born and many more months or years before they become independent. Gametes In animals, sexual reproduction encompasses the fusion of two distinct gametes (sex cells) to form a zygote. Gametes are produced by a type of cell division called meiosis. In humans, gametes are produced in the male and female gonads.  When gametes unite in fertilization, a new individual is formed. Gametes are haploid, containing only one set of chromosomes. For example, human gametes contain 23 chromosomes.  After fertilization, a  zygote is  produced from the union of an egg and sperm. The zygote is diploid,  containing two sets of 23 chromosomes for a total of 46 chromosomes. In the case of animals and higher plant species, the male sex cell  is relatively motile and usually has a flagellum. The female gamete is non-motile and relatively large in comparison to the male gamete. Types of Fertilization There are two mechanisms by which fertilization can take place. The first is external (the eggs are fertilized outside of the body) and  the second is internal (the eggs are fertilized within the female reproductive tract).  In either case, each egg is fertilized by a single sperm to ensure that the correct  chromosome  numbers are preserved.   In external fertilization, gametes are released into the environment (typically water) and are united at random. This type of fertilization is also referred to as spawning. In internal fertilization, gametes are united within the female. In birds and reptiles, the embryo matures outside of the body and is protected by a shell. In most mammals, the embryo matures within the mother. Patterns and Cycles Reproduction is not a continuous activity and is subject to certain patterns and cycles. Oftentimes these patterns and cycles may be linked to environmental conditions which allow organisms to reproduce effectively. For example, many animals have estrous cycles that occur during certain parts of the year so that offspring can typically be born under favorable conditions. Humans, however, do not undergo estrous cycles but menstrual cycles. Likewise, these cycles and patterns are controlled by hormonal cues. Estrous can also be controlled by other seasonal cues such as rainfall. All of these cycles and patterns allow organisms to manage the relative expenditure of energy for reproduction and maximize the chances of survival for the resulting offspring.

Conflict Resolution Implementation Plan Free Essay Example, 1250 words

A mediation agreement is reached and incase of further disputes the contractual agreement is produced in the court of law. Concilitation is another technique that can be used in this case where all the stakeholders agree to direct their grievances to an environmental expert and a professional conciliator. The conciliator who meets the stakeholders differently to cool the tensions and suspicions thus averting bad perceptions and feelings that the always go to ‘square one’ whenever they meet as stakeholders. The conciliator does not hold any legal authority but prevents any court applications by stakeholders hence, averting any difficulties (Mihai, 2012). Arbitration technique can be used where all the interested parties will be subjected to rule of law and observe the public order. Hence, the process is based on the will of all stakeholders in the island. When the agreement is reached, an arbitration clause is registered, and the agreement becomes a consensual contract (Mihai, 2012). IBLA will act as the arbiter in the matter as it is the mandated body to hear the appeals from the local resi dent by the federal government. Negotiations is a technique that can be used where all the stakeholders in Island are involved in direct engagement. We will write a custom essay sample on Conflict Resolution Implementation Plan or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Negotiation can be the simplest and fastest method of ADR but in this case it failed due to mistrusts and lack of communication skills. Recommendation Mediation is the best technique to be used is solving the impulse between the stakeholders. Community mediation allows the problem-solving technique by allowing the autonomy of the conflictual stakeholders ideas, recognition mutually and encourages the stakeholders empowerment (Dennis J. D. Sandole, 2009). This is because both simple negotiations and conciliatory have failed due to lack of trust and communications skills, thus the mediator will come hardy in that he will collect data, listens to all stakeholders, identify the important issues, cater for special interests for minority and help in developing settlement options (Dennis J. D. Sandole, 2009). The mediation is a shift in grievance process in that is a positive move in resolving the issues in the island in a less costly with more effective decision-making process for all the stakeholders, parties and the mediator (DONNA MARIA BLANCERO, 2010). The mediator will diminish the tension of interest’s conflicts arising fro m different stakeholders, by identifying the concrete methods of abiding in the obligations of the agreement and even seeking the opinion of the expert on environment, economic-tourist specialist and real estate developer or construction engineer.

Abraham Maslow s Influence On Society - 1241 Words

Biography Abraham Harold Maslow was born on April 1, 1908 in Brooklyn, New York. Raised in the same city he was born in, he was also the oldest among his 7 siblings. he was the son of Samuel and Rose Maslow, Jewish immigrants from Russia. During his childhood, Maslow was the unique Jewish boy in his neighborhood. Therefore, he has always been targeted and this made him feel unhappy. Because of this, he solicited refuge and comfort in books. Likewise, he stated I was a little Jewish boy in the non-Jewish neighborhood. It was a little like being the first Negro enrolled in an all-white school. I was isolated and unhappy. I grew up in libraries and among books, without friends (Emrich, n.d). He was an excellent and active student at the†¦show more content†¦Abraham Maslow stated that humans are driven by biologically established needs, which he identifies as deficiency needs (basic) and growth needs (meta) (The Art Institute of Pittsburgh, 2017). As most theories, the theory of self-actu alization theory is based on stages to pass from one to another. The Maslow s theory is often displayed as a pyramid where the lowest level that has to be fulfilled before any other upper level are the basic needs and the complex needs are at the top of the pyramid. In addition, Maslow contends that these self-actualizing individuals are highly creative and demonstrate a capacity to resolve dichotomies inherent in ultimate contraries, such as life versus death and freedom versus determinism, as examples (Olson, 2013). Important terms Keywords: Self-actualization, needs, inborn desire, pyramid, basic needs, complex needs, self-actualizing, individual, dichotomy. Stages of personality development The hierarchy of needs of Abraham Maslow is the theory from where the humanistic psychology is built. It is constituted of diverse stages from where a person can move from one stage to another. However, to move to the next stage, the person must complete the previous one. Maslow’s theory suggests each individual have the drive and desire to meet their basic needs in order to meet the fundamentalShow MoreRelatedMaslow s Hierarchy Of Needs And Humanistic Psychology848 Words   |  4 Pagesquality of psychological research is Abraham Maslow. Abraham Maslow is best known for his work in creating the Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and Humanistic Psychology. There are many things that came out of Maslow’s findings, how he contributed to psychology, how he influenced the field of psychology, and how his findings are still used in today’s society. Maslow’s approach to psychology differed from other psychologist in his time. One of the things that Maslow developed was the Maslow’s HierarchyRead MoreHumanistic Approach1074 Words   |  5 Pagescan be a difference of opinions. Abraham Maslow studied the development of personality. Maslow developed his own personality theory based on the basic human needs. His hierarchy of needs pyramid shows the influences of human needs to the formation of unique individual personality. There are biological factors that influence the formation of individual personality that play a factor. By reviewing the relationships between biological factors and Maslow s theory of personality you will beRead MoreMaslows Essay1160 Words   |  5 PagesAbraham H Maslow was a psychologist who developed a theory that sought to explain human behaviour in terms of basic needs for survival and growth. (www.enotes.com. 2002). This paper will define Maslow’s theory (a ‘hierar chy of needs’) and explain how differences in priorities influence and inform upon consumer behaviour. Maslow developed his ‘hierarchy of needs’ in an attempt to describe patterns of human behaviour, and to try to understand the processes behind the actions of consumers. In essenceRead MoreA Russian American Psychologist, Urie Brofenbrenner1721 Words   |  7 Pagesfaculty position in Human Development, Family Studies, and Psychology at Cornell University. He was known for the ecological system theory that explains how everything in a child and the child s environment affects how a child grows and develops. He labeled the environmental influence as the microsystem, the mesosystem, the exosystem, and the macrosystem. The immediate relationship that the child interacts with is the microsystems. The more positive the microsystem is, the better the childRead MoreMaslow s Hierarchy Of Needs1295 Words   |  6 Pageseach level and discuss how it relates to motivation. Abraham Maslow was born in 1908 in Brooklyn, New York. He originally studied law because of the influence of my parents, but after marrying his first cousin, Bertha Goodman, and moving to Wisconsin, he became interested in psychology. After achieving his Masters in Psychology, Maslow moved back to Brooklyn and started teaching at a school there. â€Å"One of the many interesting things Maslow noticed while he worked with monkeys early in his careerRead MoreMaslow s Hierarchy Of Needs982 Words   |  4 PagesAbraham Maslow was one of the most influential and important educational psychologists and is recognized by many for his theory on mankind’s hierarchy of needs. Maslow’s theory which is known as â€Å"Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs† is best explained as a pyramid of needs that we as humans must meet in order to progress to another stage of needs. There are five stages in the pyramid of needs and they go as follows: physiological, safety, love and belongingness, esteem, and finally self-actualization. MaslowRead MoreThe Human Needs And Educational Psychology1234 Words   |  5 Pagesquantitative methodologies to make conclusions on a concept like learning more about basic human needs. Measuring, testing, assessment and management are factors critical in making understanding basic human needs, es pecially in educational psychologies. Abraham Maslow has been credited for his great contribution to human needs which are hierarchically arranged from the most basic till self-actualization, the process is often affected by an individual’s levels of arousal, competence, self-worth evaluation, self-esteemRead MoreA Case Study On Shazad Hussain Essay1149 Words   |  5 PagesThis paper presents a case study on Shazad Hussain. Shazad is a 41-year old who is married with two children. This case study will focus on the developmental theories of Erik Erikson, Abraham Maslow, and Carl Rogers as they are applied to Shazad. Situational evidence from Shazad’s life is provided to either support or refute the theories of these renowned psychologists. A Case Study of Shazad Hussain In the following assignment I am going to conduct a human growth and development case studyRead MoreThe Importance Of Motivation And Motivation Theory1401 Words   |  6 Pagesmotivational incentives, including Maslow s hierarchy of needs, EGR theory, Herzberg s two-factor theory and McClelland s need for achievement incentive theory. 2.1.1 Maslow s hierarchy of needs theory Maslow s theory was proposed by Abraham Maslow (1954), which is one of the most widely discussed theories of motivation. Individuals will be satisfied from 5 levels of needs - physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem and Self-Actualization. (Maslow, 1954) Figure 1 Maslow’s hierarchyRead MoreAbraham Maslow s Work On Social Psychology1795 Words   |  8 PagesAbraham H. Maslow was born on April 1, 1908 in New York City, and passed away on June 8, 1970 in California. Dr. Maslow received all three (A.B., M.A. and Ph.D.) of his degrees from the University of Wisconsin. He was also the â€Å"founding editor of the Journal of Humanistic Psychology and the Journal of Transpersonal Psychology.† (Professional biography, 1970, p. 98). As a graduate student enthusiastic by the work of Alfred Adler and John B. Watson, Maslow became a dedicated behaviorist, and pursued

Chrysanthemums Essay Research Paper Elisa s sense free essay sample

Chrysanthemums Essay, Research Paper Elisa s sense of beauty causes her to go defenseless against the pedlar s bewitchery. When the pedlar asks about her chrysanthemums, she describes them as being beautiful, so beautiful. She so progresses into to stating him of how to care for the flowers and does so really excitedly. This happens once more when she starts speaking about how it would be so nice to populate in a covered waggon, passing the darks under sharp-pointed stars. Her enthusiasm toward these things uncovers her true sentiment for them. She exposes herself to the alien and he, in bend, uses the really things that are of import to her as a arm against her. Eliza now becomes incapacitated and can make nil to alter this. The pedlar can now continue into making what he wants, pull stringsing all her actions. The pedlar s fraudulence and use is a disdainful discourtesy toward guiltless people like Elisa. We will write a custom essay sample on Chrysanthemums Essay Research Paper Elisa s sense or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Right from the beginning, the pedlar knew precisely what he wanted from Elisa and would utilize any agencies necessary in order to acquire it. Even if it meant rip offing and lead oning. He mislead her to believe that he was interested in her chrysanthemums ; lying about how he knew a lady that would wish to add them to her garden. In making so, Elisa gave in and the pedlar was able to carry through his mission: mending a family point to have a payment for it. How can anyone crouch to such a low degree to gain a measly 50 cents? He left her feeling used and didn T even have the decency to be honest with the grounds behind his actions. This emotional harm could adversely impact the manner she views others doing her lupus erythematosus trusting. The pedlar intentionally insulted her unity and should, in some manner, be punished for it. Possibly if the tabular arraies were turned and he was the 1 tricked into making something he ab initio didn t privation to make, he would be hurt and to recognize that his actions towar vitamin D Elisa were incorrect. Elisa s exposure to this type of individual engenders a infirmity in her personality. Although at first she seemed cautious about the alien, she rapidly lets her guard down every bit shortly as he remarks on her prized chrysanthemums. These flowers are really of import in her life and play a immense function on her personal wellbeing This critical fact becomes more evident to the pedlar as she passionately describes the planting and nurturing of the flowers, and he skilfully uses it to prefer him in the state of affairs. The chrysanthemums are her pride and joy, but are besides her failing. It becomes wholly excessively easy for the pedlar to work her one time her weak topographic point is revealed. When she becomes deficient in strength to continue her temperament toward the pedlar, she gave manner to similar impairities. Not merely did she let him to detect her failing, but allowed him to utilize it against her and allowed him to ache her emotionally. Event though she tries to reas sure herself by stating she is strong, she knows she had been vulnerable with the pedlar. She is susceptible to being afflicted once more if she doesn t happen a manner to implement herself. She had been a victim one clip to a alien and it could go on once more. The relationship between the pedlar and Elisa is one of victim and attacker and is an unfairness against Elisa. The pedlar sought to occupy her ideas and direct her actions. He had merely talked to her to transport out his occupation, but did so in a dishonorable manner. Elisa on the other manus had no hint what was go oning and allowed the pedlar to victimize her. Both are at mistake, the pedlar for being delusory and Elisa for being na ve. But the truth is it was Elisa that was hurt and the pedlar who got off with it. He wrongfully used her. To the pedlar the chrysanthemums were merely deserving 50 cents, but to Elisa they were invaluable. In the terminal it was the pedlar that won the conflict.